Stuti Dwivedi1, Praveencumar R2, T. Sivakumar3, Mahesh Kumar Posa4, Ram C Dhakar5, Ruchi Tiwari1*
1PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kalpi Road, Bhauti, Kanpur, India
2Paavai Group of Institutions, Pachal, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu- 637018, India
3Nandha College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to the TN Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai), Erode, Tamilnadu- 638052, India
4Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur – 302017, Rajasthan, India
5SRG Hospital and Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India -326001
* Address for Correspondence:
Dr. Ruchi Tiwari, Professor,
Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kalpi Road, Bhauti, Kanpur-208020, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Contact: tiwaridrruchi@gmail.com
+91-8299179267
ORCID: 0000-0003-2200-737X
Abstract
In this review article we will highlight the evidences that how oncogenes are formed due to the physical genetic variations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and various planned immunotherapies which will include- The immune checkpoint inhibitor-opposing antibodies, adoptive cell treatments, and biologic modifiers (cytokines and vaccines). We will make an effort to provide guidance and potential fixes for these issues, along with pertinent sources for foundational research. For suitable studies, a literature search was undertaken from various database sources such as PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. One type of gene known as an oncogene—a cellular gene that becomes dysfunctional owing to mutation and overexpression—is the cause of cancer. Certain oncogenes seem to inhibit the homeostatic mechanism by limiting the single cell lineage of leukemia stem cells. According to the clonal theory of oncogenes, tumors are thought to begin in a single cell, Moreover, the growth of tumors is closely linked to the prevention of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. These activities of oncogene can be minimized by some immunological therapies.icles, as well as their subsequent advancements as commercially available dosage forms, physical-chemical characteristics, and cutaneous kinetics.
Keywords Oncogene, proto-oncogene, gene expression, paradoxes, Immune checkpoints inhibitors, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, combination therapy
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Oncogenetics: Unraveling the Genetic Underpinnings of Cancer for Improved Immunotherapeutic Outcomes.pdf