Shubham Singh1*, Sanjesh Rathi1, Sakshi Singh2, Bhawna Sharma3, Vivek Dwivedi4
1School of Pharmacy, Rai University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
2United Institute of Technology (B.Tech-EC), Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
3Patel College of Pharmacy, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
4Chandra Shekhar Singh College of Pharmacy, Kaushambi, Prayagraj, UP, India
* Address for Correspondence:
Shubham Singh, Assistant Professor,
School of Pharmacy, Rai University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have witnessed significant advancements in recent years, offering promising therapeutic options for the management of complex and multifactorial diseases. Despite their success, conventional mAbs exhibit limitations such as restricted targeting capacity and suboptimal immune activation, which has driven the development of bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) capable of engaging multiple antigens simultaneously. Among these, CD3-bispecific mAbs have emerged as a potent class of immunotherapeutics, capable of activating T cells and inducing T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells, particularly in cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights several representative formats of BsAbs, elucidates their underlying mechanisms of action, and discusses current design strategies for CD3-bispecific mAbs. Emphasis is placed on optimizing their therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects, supported by recent drug development examples and clinical applications.
Keywords CD3-bispecific antibodies; monoclonal antibodies; T cell activation; cancer immunotherapy; bispecific antibody formats; immunotherapeutics
